Petroblog: 2024

Jeff Spencer

675 Piney Creek Road

Bellville, TX 77418

spencerj320@gmail.com

Marius Furcuta

Moreni, Romania

furcuta@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT: Often referred to as the Golden Age of Romania’s oil industry, the interwar years (1919-1939) were a time of both rapidly increasing oil production and of international investment in the country’s petroleum industry. During these years, many photographers produced real photo postcards of scenes from Romanian oil fields, especially those near the towns of Moreni, Bustenari, and Campina in south-central Romania. Several of these photographers included their name on the postcards. Researching these visual documenters of an important period of Romania’s petroleum history is challenging. The noted Swiss geologist Arnold Heim (1882-1965) is included in a group of lesser-known photographers with names, such as Rudolf, Lehmann, Wehrli, and Carpenter. One of the more prolific oil field photographers was Stefan Olteanu.

Stefan Olteanu (1882-1954) lived in Campina, Romania where he, and later his son, operated a photographic studio, circa 1907 into the 1940s. Early Olteanu real photo postcards are identified by “Foto Ideal” printed on the reverse. Later Olteanu postcards include on the picture side the words “Foto-Olteanu Campina” and later “St. Olteanu Campina.” Olteanu photographed the nearby oil fields and refineries and produced high-quality real photo postcards. Scenes included several oil field fires, including the No. 1 Sospiro Campina Draganeasa well (1923), the first major Romanian oil field disaster in the interwar years. Other Olteanu oil field fire views are the No. 305 Gura-Ocnitei (1926), No. 298 AR Moreni Pascov (1928), and the infamous “Torch of Moreni,” Romano-Americana Company’s No. 160 well (1929-1931). Many Olteanu postcards depict general panoramic views of oil fields, such as those along the Prahova River Valley near Campina, the Pascov Valley and Tuicani Plateau near Moreni, and the Runcu-Buștenari Oil Field

INTRODUCTION

The southern foothills of the Carpathian Mountains in south-central Romania are the historic center of the country’s petroleum industry (Fig. 1). The Prahova River flows between the Bucegi and the Baiului Mountains, within the Carpathian Mountains. Figure 2 is a portion of a 1925 oil field map (Guide du Congres et des Excursions 1925, map 5) of this area. In the southeast corner of the map is the city of Ploiesti, the county seat of Prahova County, located approximately 60 km (37 miles) northwest of the capital city of Bucharest. The Ploiesti area became one of the world’s leading centers for oil refining in the mid-19th century and the gateway to the prolific oil fields northwest in the Prahova River Valley. Key Prahova County towns and cities on the map, and approximate distances from Ploiesti, are Baicoi (20 km [12 miles] northwest), Tintea (20 km [12 miles] northwest), Campina (37 km [23 miles] northwest), and Bustenari (37 km [23 miles] northnorthwest). Moreni (35 km [22 miles] west) is in Dambovita County along the Cricov River.

Many early photographers, both residents and visitors to south-central Romania, helped to document the petroleum industry of the country. Some of these local professional photographers produced real photo postcards (RPPCs) of oil field scenes, oil industry housing, oil company facilities, and oil refineries. RPPCs of oil field fires were exceptionally popular, including several well fires in the Prahova Valley and the Tuicani Plateau.

Romania in World War I

Romanian oil fields and refineries were desirable to the European armies. In the early years of the war, Romania stayed neutral. In August 1916 Romania signed a treaty with France, England, and Russia and declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire ten days later (Stoenescu 2018). To prevent the use of oil by the invading German army, in November 1916 the Romania government consented to the destruction of the Romanian petroleum refineries, production facilities, and oil wells in the Prahova Valley. The following month, British engineers under the command of Colonel Jack Norton-Griffiths, and with the help of Romanian soldiers and oil company employees, destroyed several refineries and over 800,000 tons (6 million barrels) of oil in just a few days. More than 1600 oil wells were taken out of production; at least a quarter of those were destroyed. “For probably the first time in the history of the oil industry an effort was made to wipe out completely the producing, transporting, refining, and storage facilities of a large and progressive oil country, so that the enemy could not profit by acquiring it” (Petroleum 1919, p. 184). The German army arrived just days later. By early 1917 the German army controlled much of the Romanian oil industry and had repaired much of the damage, but for the entire 1917-year, oil production was substantially less than the oil destroyed in those few days in December 1916.

Romanian Oil Production in the Interwar Years

During the interwar years (1919-1939), Romania was an important exporter of grains, oil, and timber. It took several years for Romanian oil production to reach pre-war production levels. Oil production levels in the early 1920s were flat, with a steady rise beginning in 1925 through the mid-1930s. Prewar oil production rates were again reached in 1927 (Stoenescu 2018). Unfortunately, during the years of 1923-1926 when international oil prices were high, Romanian oil production was relatively low. By the time that Romanian oil production had fully recovered and significantly increased (1931-1936), international oil prices were low (Stoenescu 2018, p. 90).

INTERWAR OIL FIELD PHOTOGRAPHERS

Swiss Geologists – Heim and Wehrli

Two well-known Swiss geologists visited Romania during the interwar years and returned to Switzerland with many photographs of the Romanian oil fields. Arnold Heim (1882- 1965), son of the prominent Swiss geologist Albert Heim (1849-1937), visited Romania in the summer of 1926. Along with F. Escher, the two photographed several Romanian oilfields, near Tintea, Moreni, Bustenari, Ochiuri, and Campina. Many of their photographs are archived at the ETH Library, Zurich, Switzerland (http://library.ethz.ch/en/).

Leo Wehrli (1870-1954) was a Swiss geologist, teacher, and explorer. He was a student of, and later an assistant to, Albert Heim. He authored Albert’s biography in 1938. Leo visited Romania in the summers of 1935 and 1936 and photographed in the oilfields near Baicoi, Moreni, Ploiesti, and Campina. Many of his photographs and photographic glasslides are also archived at the ETH Library, Zurich, Switzerland (http://library.ethz.ch/en/).

American Journalist and Photographer – Frank G. Carpenter

Noted American journalist, photographer, world traveler, and author Frank G. Carpenter (1855-1924) visited Romania in 1923. During his travels Carpenter also photographed in the Romanian oil fields. Many of his photographs are available online from the United States Library of Congress under the Carpenter Collection (https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/ffcarp/). In the May 27, 1924 edition of the Toledo Blade (p. 4), in an article headlined “Oil fields of Rumania. Queer Features of Oil Production,” Carpenter recounted his travels through the oil fields of Romania.

Other Interwar Oil Field Photographers

Little is known of photographer Rudolf Grunblatt of Moreni. Many different oil field postcards bear “Foto Rudolf” or “Foto Rudolf Moreni” on the photograph side. There are several known Rudolf RPPCs of the infamous “Torch of Moreni” oil well fire (Spencer and Furcuta 2018; https://furcuta. blogspot.com/search/label/rudolf). His RPPCs appear to be limited to the Moreni area from approximately 1929-1935. H. Lehmann produced a night view RPPC of the “Torch of Moreni” that is dated “24. VII.1929” (July 24, 1929) (https://furcuta.blogspot.com/2015/10/160-ra-photographers.html?m=0).

STEFAN OLTEANU (1882-1954)

Stefan Olteanu (1882-1954) opened his first photographic studio at No. 87 Carol 1 Street in the city of Campina in 1907. That year a Campina newspaper carried an advertisement for the “Modern photo studio Foto Olteanu” with its “new workshop” and “photographs of all kinds and sizes, industrial works, oil and pastel paintings, photographs on porcelain” (https://oglindadeazi.ro/stiri/campina-o-istorie-in-date-3/). A 1913 advertisement (Vitorul, p. 3) read, “Photo Ideal St. Olteanu. Modern photography studio BP Hajdeu Street, No. 17 Field. Artistically executes portraits, groups, views, reproductions, etc. Splendid postcards are made for three lei a dozen” (https://oglindadeazi.ro/stiri/campina-o-istorie-in-date-3/).

As with many photographic studios, Olteanu’s business relied heavily on wedding and portrait photography. Several examples of these are found online. During 1916-1918, the occupying Germans required Romanians to obtain a photo identification card. Olteanu obtained a “monopoly” on this lucrative photographic work for the residents of the Prahova Valley. Some gossip suggested that this was due to a local German commander being enamored by Olteanu’s beautiful wife (https://oglindadeazi.ro/stiri/file-de-cronica-nostalgiile-unui-vechi_23/).

In 1923, Olteanu had a large house built at No. 79 Carol 1 Boulevard with a photographic studio on the first floor and living accommodations on the upper floors (https://campinatv. ro/News/Article/aa8fcce5-47cb-484d-a5fa-4d9e70851d2c_ campina-romania-100-foto-olteanu-din-perioada-interbelica-un-atelier-de-tapiterie-din-anii-70-santierul-de-la-soldat-de-azi; https://furcuta.blogspot.com/search/label/olteanu). In the late 1930s, Stefan’s son, Gogu (?-2001), came into the business and operated the studio into the 1940s. Unfortunately, much of the Olteanu archival photographs were destroyed. Gogu stated in an interview, “Mr. Iosifescu, the Securitate took my entire archive, sir. I do not know where it is! They took it, threw it in a well, set it on fire” (http://revistanoua.3x. ro/revista_noua/puterea/Cuartetul-din-Campina.htm). The Securitate was the Communist secret police.

One of Olteanu’s oil field photographs was published in the German industry trade magazine, Petroleum Zeitschrift (1925). The photograph of a burning well near Moreni is the Pleasa Hill fire of the No. 1 RA (Romano-Americana) Moreni Nord well, accidentally ignited while drilling on July 25, 1925 (https://furcuta.blogspot.com/2021/03/well-1-ra-pleasa-onfire.html). At the time, this was the deepest well at Moreni (1146 meters [3760 feet]). Romano-Americana SA (Romanian-American Company), formed in 1904, was a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. Several attempts were made to extinguish this fire; success occurring on September 13 with the completion of a 70-meter-long (230 feet) tunnel to the casing which was then perforated to divert the oil flow.

The following year, another Olteanu burning well photograph was published in the French illustrated weekly newspaper, L’Illustration (July 3, 1926). This photograph is similar to Olteanu postcards (Fig. 3) of the Schela Mare Concordia well No. 305, CC SII Gura Ocnitei fire. Around midnight, June 15, 1926, while testing from a depth of 989 meters (3245 feet), the well was ignited by a lightning strike. Several unsuccessful attempts were made to extinguish the well fire. One attempt involved digging a 60-meter (197 feet) tunnel to reach the casing at a depth of 30 meters (98 feet). During a week of digging, the flames reached heights of 30-40 meters (98-131 feet). The flames also set off a fire in a nearby open pit, burning approximately 1000 tons (7200 barrels) of oil. The fire also destroyed the nearby No. 308 well. On the morning of June 22, the oil flow and the fire suddenly stopped. When the oil flow resumed, the oil was gathered and pumped to a nearby oil tank farm (https://furcuta.blogspot.com/search/label/concordia). Swiss geologist Albert Heim also photographed the No. 305 well fire.

OLTEANU REAL PHOTO POSTCARDS (RPPCS)

Real photo postcards (RPPCs) were very popular in the early twentieth century, and many Olteanu photographs were used to produce these postcards. Olteanu postcards of Campina buildings, bridges, and scenic views are known, but the vast majority of Olteanu RPPCs are of the surrounding oil fields. Over sixty different petroleum-related Olteanu postcards are known of by the authors; 27 of them are in co-author Spencer’s collection. Early Olteanu RPPCs (circa 1921-1923) have “Foto Ideal” with “St.” and either “IT” or possibly “LT” (difficult to read). “Olteanu Campina” is sometimes printed on the reverse. Later in 1923, the studio’s name was changed to “Foto-Olteanu,” and this is printed on the front lower right or left of the RPPCs until circa 1926. Occasionally, the “Foto-Olteanu” is printed on the reverse. Later in 1926 this is replaced by “St. Olteanu Campina” on the photograph side. Olteanu oil field postcards reached many countries. Within the Spencer collection are Olteanu postcards that were sent throughout Europe (Holland, Austria, Romania, England, France, Germany, and Italy), as well as to the United States.

A notable exception appears to be two Olteanu RPPCs of the August 1908 No. 13 SR (Steaua Romana) Campina Draganeasa oil well fire. Both postcards have the “Foto Olteanu Campina” on the lower right of the photograph side (https:// furcuta.blogspot.com/2024/06/the-fire-of-oil-well-no-13-sr-campina.html). If these are indeed scenes from 1908, they would be the earliest Olteanu oil field views, and a significant gap exists in known Olteanu oil field views between 1908 and 1923.

1923 Olteanu Oil Field RPPCs

Most postcards do not provide the dates that the photographs were taken, but postmarks, when present, place a “no later than” date to the images. One of the earliest Olteanu oil field postcards in Spencer’s collection, taken from near the city center of Moreni, is a view of oil tanks and workshops of the Regatul Roman Oil Company (Fig. 4). Anglo-Dutch Shell established Astra in 1908 and acquired Regatul Roman, and in 1909/1910 created Astra Romana SA (Stanciu 2000, p. 32). An earlier Astra Romana was a small oil refinery in Ploiesti established in 1880 and through acquisitions, had become part of Astra. From 1911-1947 the refinery was within the Royal Dutch Shell Trust. The oil tanks in the photograph were scrapped in the 1930s, and living quarters were built in their place in the 1960s. The long building in the center of the photograph is still there as well as some of the smaller workshops. On the reverse is stamped, “Foto Ideal” and either an “IT” or a “LT” (difficult read) “Olteanu.” The photograph is not dated, but it is postmarked January 31, 1923, and was mailed to Oakland, California, United States. There are several Olteanu RPPCs of the Astra Romana operations near Moreni that include the company’s headquarters, workshops, and worker housing. A cardboard matted 1928 Olteanu photograph (26 x 22 cm [10 x 8.5 inches]) of a group of employees of Astra Romana was advertised for sale on the Romanian Okazii site (https:// www.okazii.ro/fotografie-veche-pe-carton-astra-romana-atelier-foto-olteanu-campina-1928-a201662118).

Another Olteanu RPPC from 1923 shows the Draganeasa oil well fire across the Prahova River from Campina (Fig. 5). The Forajul No. 1 Sospiro Campina Draganeasa well was drilled within the large Campina-Draganeasa Oil Field which has produced oil since 1896. During production testing, a spark ignited the well on February 19, 1923. Two drillers were killed in the fire, and several other workers were burned. This was the first major Romanian oil field disaster in the interwar years (https://furcuta.blogspot.com/search/label/draganeasa). The postcard was postmarked on August 18, 1923, in Campina and mailed to France.

1928 Olteanu Oil Field RPPCs

Two notable oil field fires were captured in Olteanu RPPCs. The Pascov Valley fire broke out on the morning of May 12, 1928, while the No. 298 AR (Astra Romana) Moreni Sud well was drilling at a depth of 1445 meters (4741 feet). One man was killed in the fire and two others injured. Eighteen oil wells and the No. 5 Creditul oil pumping station were destroyed in the fire. The fire was extinguished over a month later on June 26, 1928 (https://furcuta.blogspot.com/search/ label/pascov and https://furcuta.blogspot.com/2021/04/au-chat-noir-tunnel.html). Figure 6 is one of several Olteanu RPPCs of the fire. On the reverse is a handwritten note dated May 24, 1928, and postmarked the following day.

Torch of Moreni” (1929-1931) – No. 160 Romano-Americana

The Focul Dela Moreni (“Fire from Moreni”), also known as the “Torch of Moreni,” was the No. 160 Romano-Americana (RA) oil well fire (Fig. 7). On May 28, 1929, after drilling to a depth of 1453 meter (4767 feet), the No. 160 blew out and caught fire. The derrick was destroyed, and the 100 meter-high (328 feet) flames could be seen from the city of Ploiesti over 50 kilometers (32 miles) away. Several attempts to extinguish the well were unsuccessful, and the well burned for over two years. More than 100 workers were injured and 14 died in the process of trying to extinguish the fire. By the spring of 1931, the “Torch of Moreni” had created a crater 76 meters (249 feet) wide and 20 meters (66 feet) deep. This, together with erosion by rains and snow, created a deep hollow in the ground. Some gas was diverted through the soft ground and escaped along the walls of the crater. Ignited by the main fire, numerous ground fires were formed. The No. 160 RA well fire was photographed by Olteanu, Rudolf Grunblatt, H. Lehmann, and Leo Wehrli (https://furcuta.blogspot.com/search/label/wehrli%20leo). The extensive operations to extinguish the well fire are documented in Spencer and Furcuta 2018.

OTHER OLTEANU OIL FIELD RPPCS

Runcu-Bustenari Oil Field

The Runcu-Bustenari area is one of the earliest areas of oil extraction in Romania. The first modern well was spud in the area in 1890, and before that, oil was extracted from hand-dug wells. Cumulative oil production from approximately 1909 to present is 23.3 million tons (170 million barrels). Figure 8 is one of a few Olteanu RPPCs of this oil field. This postcard is postmarked December 12, 1928. It is one of the known Olteanu RPPCs that was later printed and sold as colorized “linen” postcards. Beginning in the 1930s, a process of printing paper color postcards with a high rag content gave the postcards a look of having been printed on linen. Steaua Romana Oil Refinery Steaua Romana (“The Romanian Star”), founded in 1895, quickly became a dominant company in the Romanian petroleum industry. The company was established with Romanian and Austrian funding. In 1897 the company built an oil refinery near Campina, Romania, which at the time was the largest and most modern refinery in Europe (Figure 9). In 1903, the German Deutsche Bank acquired the Austro-Hungarian interests. By 1915, Steaua Romana was the second largest producer of oil in Romania. The Germans confiscated the refinery in 1916 and reopened it in 1917. After WWI, the company became majority-owned by Romanians with minor French and English interests. Additional Olteanu RPPCs include views of oil wells along the Prahova River, the Bucea Oil Field near Campina, the Campina electrical power plant, and several views of the Moreni oil fields in the Pascov Valley and on the Tuicani Plateau.

CONCLUSION

The visual documentation of the early 1900s petroleum history throughout the world has benefited from local and visiting photographers. During the interwar years in Romania, these photographers included Swiss geologists Arnold Heim and Leo Wehrli, and American journalist and photographer Frank G. Carpenter. Romanian photographers, such as Rudolf Grunblatt and Stefan Olteanu, recognized the growing popularity of real photo postcards (RPPCs) and produced views of the petroleum industry. Stefan Olteanu of Campina, Romania was arguably the foremost photographer of the early oil fields of south-central Romania. Olteanu’s RPPCs captured scenes of early wooden oil derricks, infamous oil field fires, and oil company facilities and refineries. Many Olteanu postcards were mailed to family and friends around the world, sharing the images of Romania’s early petroleum industry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Much of this material was presented on May 21st at the 2024 Oil History Symposium in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The petroleum history of Romania is vast and fascinating. Much of it, especially the visual aspects of this industry, are documented in co-author Furcuta’s blog, Petroblog (https://furcuta.blogspot.com/). Thanks to James McDonald, Matthew Silverman, and Mary Barrett for reviewing this paper.

REFERENCES

GUIDE DU CONGRES ET DES EXCURSIONS, 1925: 1st Congres International de Forages, Bucharest, September, 61 pp

L’ILLUSTRATION, 1926: July 3, p. 24.

PETROLEUM, 1919: v. 7, p. 184-185.

PETROLEUM ZEITSCHRIFT, 1925: September 20, v. 21, no. 27, p. 1720.

SPENCER, Jeff and FURCUTA, Marius, 2018, Myron Kinley and the “Torch of Moreni,” in: CRAIG, J., GERALI, F., MacAULAY, F., and SORKHABI, R., eds., History of the European Oil and Gas Industry: London, The Geological Society, Special Publications 465, p. 375-80.

STANCIU, Laura, 2000, Free-standing companies in the oil sector in Romania and Poland before 1948: typologies and competencies: Business History, v. 42, no. 4, p. 27-66.

STOENESCU, Camil-George, 2018, Romania during the Interwar Period: an economic approach: The Romanian Economic Journal, Special 20th Anniversary Issue, Year XXI, no. 70, p. 80-93.

TOLEDO (Ohio) BLADE, 1924: May 27, p. 4.

VITORUL, 1913: no. 5, p. 3.

Websites & Blogs

https://campinatv.ro/News/Article/aa8fcce5-47cb-484d-a5fa-4d9e70851d2c_campina-romania-100-foto-olteanu-din- perioada-interbelica-un-atelier-de-tapiterie-din-anii-70-santierul-de-la-soldat-de-azi/, accessed June 13, 2024

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https://furcuta.blogspot.com/search/label/concordia

https://furcuta.blogspot.com/search/label/draganeasa

https://furcuta.blogspot.com/search/label/pascov https://furcuta.blogspot.com/search/label/rudolf

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Jeff Spencer is a charter member, past president, and current vice-president of the Petroleum History Institute (PHI). Jeff is a geoscientist and principal with Sentinel Energy, LLC, Houston, Texas. He received a BS in Geology from the University of Cincinnati and a MS in Earth Sciences from the University of New Orleans. He was previously employed as Chief Geologic Advisor with Amromco Energy, working Romania (2013-2017). He has authored or co-authored more than 50 oil field history papers. Jeff co-authored Ohio Oil and Gas (2008) and authored Texas Oil and Gas (2013) and Illinois Oil and Gas (2023). He collects postcards, philatelic material, and other ephemera with oilfield themes.

Marius Furcuta was born in Moreni, Romania and resides there today. He attended the Oil and Gas Ploiești University and since 1998 has worked as a petroleum engineer in Dâmbovița and Prahova counties, in Muntenia, a historical area of southern Romania where the country’s petroleum industry began. Marius is the author of Petroblog (https://furcuta.blogspot.com/), a comprehensiv.e. collection of photographs, ephemera, and text documenting Romania’s petroleum history.